Establishing humanity on other planets

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#1
Humanity has searched for signs of alien life for over a century but no matter how hard we try to look we never really find anything. No sign of any alien civilization anywhere, no sign of any past visit.

We also experience consciousness now on earth rather than in a future were we live in some new planet we have colonized.

One obvious explanation to those facts is that it's extremely difficult to property establishing ourself on any other planet. The distances are enormous making the whole thing extremely challenging.
 

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#2
How fast we can travel is highly constrained
At low speed doubling the speed will require 4 times as much energy due to E=MV²/2 (the relativistic formula is even worse in that respect).

Another constraining factor is that if the spacecraft moves to fast dust and even individual particles will start becoming a problem due to how much energy that is dispersed when those collides with the spacecraft.

https://file.scirp.org/Html/1-8301750_23913.htm

One big hurdle is the fact that we will have to find a way to slow down or we are just going to fly by the planet being unable to land on it. That is unless the speed isn't significantly faster than the speed in which the planet orbits around it's star.
 

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#3
Nuclear fission rockets
Given how difficult nuclear fusion reactors are to build we probably have to settle for fission rockets since you need something that is reliable enough while also being inefficient. Chemical rockets can also be highly reliable but they are simply far too inefficient.

https://file.scirp.org/Html/1-8301750_23913.htm

We may however also need the rocket to provide energy for life-support systems which over time will cost a lot in terms of valuable energy.

Nuclear termal rockets: more efficient than traditional chemical rockets but not drastically so. Has already been shown to work.

nuclear electrical propulsion: offers significantly more efficiency thanks to ion thrusters.

It is worth nothing that powering the spacecraft with solar power actually make more sense when close to a star so using nuclear power mainly makes sense for powering the spacecraft far away from a star.
 

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#4
Making the planet habitable for humans
For humans to be able to live there we first need to at least establish plants to live there. That can be achieved by sending seeds there that will later serve as food for humans we send there. We can engineer the seeds we send to make useful foods for humans.

The overwhelming majority of potential destination planets are not going to have any life at all. And no trying to "terraform" a planet to make it habitable generally isn't going to work (this is obviously the case with mars for example).
 

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#5
Genetic engineering and artificial wombs
Rather than keeping humans a live for a journey that takes thousands of years we might have to resort to merely keeping individual cells alive/frozen and engineer them to be able to handle the journey and later be able to successfully grow inside artificial wombs.

If humans are going to be the only animal sent to the planet we will need genetic engineering to eliminate the need for B12 and other nutrients you cannot get from just plants.
 

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#6
We could use lasers to transfer energy to spaceships but..
That would become less and less practical as the distance grew. The longer the distance the bigger portion of the laser would miss the panels used to absorb the energy. You can of course compensate by making the panels larger but that does add weight.

While this could be used to for example deliver energy needed for life support system the most efficient solution is probably to just use it for propulsion and simply have the laser light be reflected (doubling the impact in terms of propulsion). That could drastically reduce or outright eliminate the need for rocket fuel to speed the rocket up after it has left earth allowing more fuel to the used for life support and to later slow the rocket down.

And if we manage to establish enough equipment on the target planet we could potentially also use laser to slow the spaceship down as well but that is easier said than done.

So instead we we will have to combine the following 3 to slow down the spacecraft

0. Fission-reactor/engine inside the space-craft.
1. The interstellar medium slowing down the spaceship.
2. Light from the star we travel to slowing down the spaceship (will be more effective if we can have the mirrors survive that long).

One big issue with laser propulsion is that it's very inefficient in terms of how powerful laser you need relative to the force you actually get out of it from the light being reflected. It's mainly useful for very light spacecrafts.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRHaMOR0dJ0

And that was not some plan for colonization since they didn't even try to develop technology to be able to slow down. All they tried to do was getting a photo of the planet but even that doesn't seem possible during our lifetimes.

It's not that we cannot do it it's that we probably have to settle for significantly lower speeds which means that we will probably not live to see the fruits of our efforts. Our children may however get to see it.
 

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#7
Habitable planets are relatively rare and it's unclear if any are currently close to earth
That means that we might have to wait millions of years before we even get a chance to travel to one due to the distance currently being too far for the travel to be viable.


Currently we wouldn't even be able to travel to establish humanity on a planet around alpha centauri even if such a planet were habitable but perhaps over time we can expand the sphere for humanities reach when it comes to potential establishment of human-like life. The bigger the sphere the greater the chance there is of some planet eventually ending up within it.
 
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